eIDAS Regulation and Electronic Identification, Qualification eIDAS

Fast, convenient, digital transactions that are both legally recognized and secure are essential when business is done online. That’s why the EU’s eIDAS (short for Electronic Identification, Authentication, and Trust Services) regulation is so important.

This regulation is meant to create trust in electronic interactions across Europe, providing a legal framework that keeps everything safe and reliable across borders, including electronic signatures (eSignatures) and identity verification.

In this article, we’ll talk about what eIDAS is, why it matters, and how it works in practice. We’ll also go over key components like eSignatures, seals, and timestamps, the requirements for compliance, and accredited trust service providers and the role they play.

By the end, you should have a clear picture of how organizations can implement eIDAS standards so you can maintain security, data protection, and interoperability.

What is eIDAS?

The eIDAS regulation stands for “Electronic Identification, Authentication, and Trust Services.”

The regulation sets up a common legal basis for electronic identification and trust services throughout European Union member states.

Some of the trust services eIDAS governs include:

Electronic identification (eID)
Advanced and qualified electronic signatures
Electronic transactions and seals
Electronic time stamps
One-time passwords (OTPs)
Qualified website authentication certificates (QWACs)
Electronic registered delivery services (ERDS)
Validation services
Qualified electronic seals

eIDAS was initially established in 2014 as “Regulation 910/2014” and was later implemented across the entire EU on July 1, 2016.

Let’s explore the key components and technical aspects of the eIDAS regulation.

Key takeaways

eIDAS strengthens digital security through advanced electronic signatures, multifactor authentication (MFA), and precise time stamps. This ensures data integrity and origin verification, making electronic transactions more secure.
The eIDAS regulation unifies electronic identification schemes across the EU and internal markets, enabling efficient cross-border transactions through standardized processes.
eIDAS relies on accredited certificate authorities to validate the authenticity and security of signatures, seals, and certificates.
Trust service providers must undergo regular audits to certify their eIDAS compliance, ensuring the legality and security of their services.
This EU regulation streamlines interactions with public administrations and government agencies by providing standardized, user-friendly processes that reduce bureaucracy and simplify tasks such as tax filing, permit applications, and healthcare requests.
eIDAS divides electronic signatures into three types: simple electronic signature (SES), advanced electronic signature (AES), and qualified electronic signature (QES).

How does eIDAS work?

In practice, eIDAS is a foundational framework for digitalizing cross-border interactions and transactions.

To truly grasp its inner components, we must dive deeper without getting lost in jargon.

Authentication procedures

eIDAS demands specific security checks to validate the origin and integrity.

For instance, the MFA approach requires users to provide at least two different identification factors to access their accounts.

When you log into your online banking platform, you may be required to enter a combination of something you know (a PIN or secret word) and something you have (a smart card or mobile device). OTPs are generated and sent to users via SMS or dedicated apps. When individuals initiate transactions, they receive an OTP to enter within a limited timeframe.

These methods add an extra layer of security to electronic identification.

Trusted service providers (TSPs)

These entities offer validation services to confirm the authenticity and integrity of electronic time stamps, e-signatures, e-seals, and website authentication certificates.

A practical example of trustworthy service providers is the use of accredited certificate authorities (CAs). These organizations follow strict security protocols to issue digital certificates for secure electronic transactions. The protocols include the following key steps and types:

Digital identity verification. CAs verify the identity of certificate applicants to ensure legitimacy.
Key generation. CAs use highly secure methods to generate cryptographic keys for digital certificates.
Certificate issuance. Upon verification, CAs issue digital certificates with the applicant’s public key and the CA’s digital signature.
Key storage. Private keys are stored in highly secure hardware security modules (HSMs) to prevent theft or compromise.
Certificate revocation. CAs maintain mechanisms for certificate revocation. Revoked certificates are added to certificate revocation lists (CRLs) and Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) to exclude further usage.
Compliance with standards. CAs adhere to industry standards defined in Certificate Policy (CP) and Certification Practice Statement (CPS) documents.
Secure communication. All interactions between users and CAs are encrypted for data security.

When you encounter a website with a certificate from a qualified CA, you can be certain your data is encrypted and secure during online interactions.

DigiCert is a globally recognized CA that provides a wide range of digital certificates, including SSL/TLS certificates for website security and code signing certificates.

Their certificates are widely trusted and used by various websites and organizations to secure online communications.

GlobalSign is another prominent CA offering a variety of digital certificate solutions.

They are known for focusing on compliance with eIDAS and other global regulations, making them a trusted provider for organizations conducting business in Europe.

EU-based interoperability

Mutual recognition ensures that various electronic identification schemes from EU member states can coexist seamlessly.

This technical feat allows EU citizens to access online services and participate in cross-border business transactions with the utmost efficiency. In the context of seamless interactions, eIDAS-compliant solutions facilitate the digital signing of contracts between companies in different countries.

For example, let’s say one company is located in France, and the other is in Germany. Users from these diverse locations can easily sign documents online by receiving a notification, clicking a link, and securely signing the document with their qualified electronic signature.

Enhanced user experience

User experience is central to eIDAS’ technical approach.

The eIDAS regulation streamlines interactions with public authorities, government agencies, and other entities, making these services intuitive and secure. As a citizen, when accessing public services, you can use your electronic IDs for a smooth and hassle-free experience. This includes filing taxes, applying for permits, or accessing healthcare services with minimal effort.

Compliance and audits

Maintaining the integrity of eIDAS relies on compliance checks and in-depth audits.

Strict adherence to established rules and standards guarantees that electronic transactions are legally valid and secure.

These are the steps of a typical audit process for trust service providers:

Engagement. Trust service providers hire accredited auditors from external, independent agencies to conduct eIDAS compliance audits.
Preparation. Providers collect documentation, including policies, procedures, and security measures, to ensure they comply with eIDAS standards.
On-site audit. Auditors visit the trust service provider’s facilities to review operations and assess security measures.
Document review. Auditors scrutinize the provider’s policies, procedures, and documentation to ensure eIDAS compliance.
Testing. Auditors perform security tests to evaluate the provider’s systems and ensure their reliability.
Findings and recommendations. The audit results and recommendations are shared with the trust service provider.
Report. Auditors generate a comprehensive audit report detailing the assessment and findings.
Compliance certification. Providers receive certification, affirming their compliance with eIDAS regulations.

Key components of eIDAS

There are some core elements that make up eIDAS, which help make digital interactions more secure, verifiable, and legally binding in the EU. Here they are:

Electronic identification (eID): This is a way for people and businesses to prove they are who they say they are online to make sure there is trust in cross-border transactions.
Electronic signatures: These are legally binding digital signatures that help verify the authenticity of documents and agreements.
Electronic seals and timestamps: These are tools that can confirm the origin of data and lock an exact time when an action took place electronically. This helps prevent tampering.
Website authentication: Certain mechanisms can confirm that websites are legitimate and operated by verified organizations.
Electronic registered delivery services (ERDS): These are secure digital delivery systems that can prove the sending and receiving of information. This is similar to how registered mail is tracked in the physical world.

All of these components make for more secure, transparent, and enforceable electronic transactions across the EU.

Electronic signature types and other critical components under eIDAS

First, it’s essential to clarify the difference between a digital and an electronic signature.

The key distinction lies in the level of security and authentication they provide.

Digital signatures employ advanced cryptographic techniques to create a unique digital fingerprint for each document, ensuring its integrity and origin. They require the signer’s private key and provide a higher level of security, making them suitable for legally binding transactions.
Electronic signatures encompass a broader range of methods, including scanned images of handwritten signatures or simple checkbox confirmations. They offer a lower level of security and are often used for less critical documents.

eIDAS classifies electronic signatures into three distinct types, each with varying levels of legality and security.

Simple electronic signature (SES)

A simple or basic electronic signature, often known as eSignature, is a digital way to say “I agree” or “I verify” agreement, authorization, or verification in digital form.

It can be as simple as typing your name in an email or sharing a scanned image of a handwritten signature.

Advanced electronic signature (AES)

An advanced electronic signature is a specific type of eSignature that meets certain regulatory criteria for enhanced security. It typically involves a unique identifier associated with the signer. It’s like having a unique secret code that proves you really signed a document. AES can also be considered legal for some scenarios and applications.

Qualified electronic signature (QES)

A qualified electronic signature is the only signature type that holds a unique legal status within EU member states.

It’s considered the same as signing a document with a pen on paper.

To be considered a QES, it must meet the requirements of an advanced electronic signature and be supported by a certificate issued by a trust service provider listed on the EU Trusted List (ETL) and accredited by a European Union member state.

Feature	Simple electronic signature (SES)	Advanced electronic signature (AES)	Qualified electronic signature (QES)
Security	Basic level of security	Enhanced security	Highest level of security
Legal validity	Widely accepted for general use	Widely accepted for most purposes	Legally equivalent to a handwritten signature
Use cases	Common for non-critical documents	Suitable for most business needs	For highly sensitive and legal documents
Authentication	Minimal digital identity verification	Stronger digital identity verification	Stringent digital identity verification
Signature types accepted	Scanned images, simple checkmark	Advanced digital signatures	Qualified digital signatures
Regulatory compliance	May not meet certain legal requirements	Compliant with many legal standards	Compliant with EU eIDAS regulations
Recommended for	Informal agreements, basic document signing	Business contracts, financial transactions	Legal agreements, business contracts, government documents

Electronic identification (eID)

Electronic identification, or eID, is what allows individuals, businesses, and public authorities to prove their identity online. eID lends a high level of trust for authentication, since under eIDAS, EU member states can recognize each other’s eID systems. This makes it easier to access services or complete transactions across borders. It also helps keep a consistent and interoperable framework for secure digital identities throughout the EU.

Electronic registered delivery services (ERDS)

ERDS are a way to securely send and receive electronic data with proof of delivery. It’s like registered mail in the physical world in that it makes sure both the sender and recipient have verifiable evidence that a message or document was sent, delivered, and received.

Under eIDAS, ERDS can make digital communications more trustworthy and accountable, which is especially valuable when dealing with sensitive or legally binding transactions.

Electronic seals (eSeal)

Just as with electronic signatures, eIDAS establishes guidelines for electronic seals.

Electronic seals are exclusively used by legal persons, such as corporations and government entities.

They employ advanced cryptographic methods to validate the origin and integrity of electronic documents, making them suitable for official communications and data protection.

Timestamps

Timestamps are essential in making sure electronic signatures are legitimate. They can digitally record the exact date and time an action or document is created, signed, or received, which means they provide verifiable proof that information hasn’t been altered. Timestamps are crucial for compliance, accountability, and legal enforceability.

Validation

There are validation services that can confirm the authenticity and legal standing of electronic signatures, seals and certificates. They essentially allow recipients to verify whether a signature is valid, if it was created with a qualified certificate, and if it meets eIDAS standards. This is an important process to help build trust between the parties making the transaction, and to make sure electronic transactions are secure and enforceable over time.

Qualified certificates

The eIDAS regulation defines the criteria for qualified certificates.

Qualified certificates link an individual’s or entity’s digital identity to their public key.

Issued by TSPs, qualified certificates ensure the trustworthiness of signatures and seals.

QWACs, or qualified website authentication certificates, are a specific type of qualified certificate utilized to secure communication between websites and users.

They are essential for ensuring secure online interactions.

* A public key is a cryptographic key shared publicly and used in asymmetric encryption systems. It allows for data encryption and decryption, with the public key being used for encryption and the private key for decryption.

** Linking an individual’s or entity’s identity to their public key involves verifying the certificate holder’s identity before issuing the qualified certificate. This verification process may include identity checks, such as confirming the person’s identity with official documents or verifying the legitimacy of a business entity.

Trusted lists

Trusted lists are updated directories of accredited TSPs, detailing service types and certificates, helping users make informed choices.

Secure signature creation devices (SSCD)

An SSCD is a tool for generating legally valid electronic signatures and protecting private keys to ensure signature integrity, and used by trust service providers for transactions requiring qualified signatures.

eIDAS vs. U.S. ESIGN Act

eIDAS and the U.S. ESIGN acts were both designed to make electronic signatures legally valid, but in different ways. In the EU, a QES (qualified electronic signature) is really the gold standard, having the same legal effect as a handwritten signature in every member state. This means that signing with a QES will make that document automatically accepted in court without needing extra proof.

The ESIGN Act is a bit more flexible in that, instead of defining strict technical standards, it focuses on principles like the intent to sign, consent to do business electronically, and keeping a reliable record of the transaction. Because of this, the ESIGN Act is more adaptable to various technologies. However, it proves that the validity of a signature would need stronger audit trails and supporting evidence.

Simply put, eIDAS sets clear boundaries of assurance, having QES at the top, whereas ESIGN can leave more up to interpretation, which can offer flexibility at the cost of less built-in certainty.

Real-world use cases of eIDAS

eIDAS actively shapes how businesses and individuals conduct transactions across Europe. Here are some common examples:

Public sector: Electronic identification (eID) gives citizens and businesses the ability to get public services across borders securely. This would include things like filing taxes, applying for permits, or verifying identity when dealing with foreign authorities.
Legal and finance: Qualified electronic signatures (QES) are typically used for high-stakes agreements like loan contracts, investment documents, and court filings. These are scenarios where you need the strongest level of legal assurance.
Healthcare and education: To help protect sensitive patient records, research data, and academic credentials, you need secure authentication and timestamping. This helps keep documents tamper-proof and verifiable.
Business transactions: Electronic seals, timestamps, and registered delivery services are important for companies to authenticate contracts, confirm the delivery of important documents, and smooth out cross-border operations.

How do I comply with eIDAS?

First, you need to understand its technical requirements and standards. You may also want to explore electronic signature software solutions.

Their functionality features can help you on your journey:

It offers seamless integration with eIDAS compliance
You can collect eSignatures from anywhere
Ensures document security and compliance with ESIGN, and SOC 2 Type II standards
No important moments missed thanks to detailed notifications
Streamlines your document creation with a vast template library
Integrates e-signatures seamlessly into your existing tools

Let’s now delve into the technical details of each step.

Define eIDAS components

The first step is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the eIDAS regulation elements. This includes the different types of signatures, seals, and their legal implications. Organizations looking to provide qualified electronic signatures must ensure that a secure signature creation device (SSCD) complies with specific security requirements.

Adopt secure authentication methods

Ensure the implementation is both secure and reliable.

For hashing, SHA-256 (or the more advanced SHA-3) provides robust security. Public-key cryptography relies on algorithms like RSA or ECC, with ECC gaining popularity due to its efficiency and security.
Hardware security modules (HSMs) offer tamper-resistant storage and ensure that private keys remain confidential.
Biometrics such as fingerprint scanning, facial recognition, or iris scans offer a multi-factor, highly secure authentication method.

*Think of hashing as creating a unique digital fingerprint for data, ensuring its safety. For another layer of security, companies rely on public-key cryptography. It’s like having a super-secure lock and key system for your digital world.
**SHA — secure hash algorithm, ECC — elliptic curve cryptography

Only qualified trust service providers

When acquiring digital certificates or trust services, ensure you work with qualified trust service providers recognized by eIDAS.

They must meet the strict criteria defined in eIDAS, including the issuance of qualified certificates (QCs) and adherence to associated technical standards.

Standards such as ETSI EN 319 401 are essential for ensuring the proper issuance of qualified certificates, while ETSI EN 319 411-1 specifies certification service requirements.

Check the legal validity of electronic signatures

While qualified electronic signatures have a high level of legal recognition, other types may also be legally binding in specific situations. Each state may have specific requirements or regulations concerning the use of electronic signatures, making it essential to stay informed.

Data protection compliance

Implement secure data storage and transmission techniques.

Transport layer security (TLS) and secure sockets layer (SSL) are commonly used for encrypting data during transmission.

You can think of them as technologies that act like secure tunnels, ensuring your data travels safely over the internet.

TLS is considered more secure than SSL due to stronger cipher suites, improved cryptographic hash functions (like SHA-256), and enhanced security features in protocol versions, providing better resistance to known vulnerabilities and attacks.

When developing electronic identification solutions, adhere to privacy by design principles.

Privacy by design means proactively integrating data protection measures into every stage of system development.

It ensures privacy is the default setting, is user-friendly and transparent, adhering to principles like end-to-end security and user empowerment.

Issues anticipated and addressed before they arise
No extra steps — privacy is automatically embedded in the system
Privacy measures throughout the entire data lifecycle
Clear and transparent info about privacy practices
Users have control over their own data and can make informed choices

This approach aligns your systems with General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) requirements and ensures that personal data is handled securely.

Stay tuned

Regularly monitor updates to eIDAS technical standards and guidelines issued by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).

And subscribe to official EU notifications and eIDAS publications to stay informed.

Perform audits

Undergo regular audits and certifications to demonstrate your commitment to eIDAS compliance.

These audits evaluate your systems and services against the technical and legal standards specified in the regulation.

They provide a higher level of trust to users and partners.

For example, ISO 27001 is an internationally recognized standard for information security management systems (ISMS) that demonstrates your commitment to comprehensive security.

Consult legal experts

Collaborate with legal experts who possess a deep understanding of both EU law and the technical intricacies of eIDAS compliance.

Legal experts can navigate complex legal frameworks while ensuring you meet technical requirements.

How PandaDoc complies with eIDAS

It’s easy to stay compliant with eIDAS by using PandaDoc, because we offer QES (qualified electronic signatures), which offer the highest level of assurance under the EU law. With it holding the same legal weight as a handwritten signature, a QES with PandaDoc will ensure contracts and agreements be enforceable across all EU member states.

How do we do this? PandaDoc partners with accredited qualified trust service providers (QTSPs) to use secure, cloud-based identity verification. Signers can confirm their identity online through trusted identity providers (IdPs) like Okta or Azure AD.

Each QES has a signature certificate that contains all the metadata needed to validate it using official EU tools. This makes the process transparent and ready for court.

PandaDoc also safeguards docs with SOC 2 Type II certification, AES-256 encryption, and GDPR compliance to keep your data secure.

All of these features make it easy to sign and manage your docs across Europe.

Originally published March 24, 2024. Updated September 12, 2025

FAQ

What is a Qualified Signature Creation Device (QSCD)?

A QSCD is a secure device, usually hardware or a cloud-based service, that can be used to create qualified electronic signatures (QES). It prevents tampering or unauthorized access of signature keys by the way they are generated and stored. Under eIDAS, a QES that’s created with a QSCD has the equivalent legal effect as any handwritten signature across the EU.

How does eIDAS treat electronic seals vs. signatures?

Electronic signatures are used by individuals to sign documents, whereas electronic seals are typically used by businesses to check the origin and integrity of a document. Both of these can be “qualified” under eIDAS, but differ in that signatures prove a person’s intent whereas a seal proves the company’s authenticity.

Does eIDAS apply to GDPR-only member states?

Yes. eIDAS is an EU regulation, meaning it applies to all EU member states, including those that follow GDPR. While GDPR focuses on data protection and privacy, eIDAS focuses on electronic identification and trust services. Both work to make sure there is security of digital identities and protection of data across Europe.